Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Service User And Care Involvement Analysis Social Work Essay

Administration User And Care Involvement Analysis Social Work Essay This audit will comprise of a presentation, points of the survey, and techniques for information assortment, discoveries on a progression of inquiries and replies on the degree of administration client association in the release procedure, ends, and potential suggestions for change. It will finish up with a reflection piece. The accompanying survey will talk about the issue of administration client inclusion in the release/move methodology. The audit was assembled by the creator inside a nineteen had relations with Forensic Mental Health unit. The ward was at full limit at the hour of composing this survey. The administration clients all had various degrees of psychological maladjustment, each with an alternate history, level of subjective mindfulness, level of systematization and ability to adjust and change. This survey will evaluate to what degree administration clients are engaged with the release arranging process in the ward, assuming any, and give potential proposals on how this procedure might be improved. Points of the Review During this arrangement the creator settled regarding a matter to survey, this subject was administration client contribution in release arranging. While ordering data for the survey a few inquiries emerged these inquiries were: Does the administration client feel remembered for dynamic? How does the staff include the administration client in the dynamic if by any stretch of the imagination? Has release been talked about with the administration client? These inquiries lead to the creator building some key inquiries to do in the audit these will be examined further in the discoveries. 91 Strategies used to develop audit The information for the survey was gathered over a multi week time frame inside the ward. The creator counseled administration clients notes, went to multidisciplinary group gatherings and led a progression of semi-organized, coordinated meetings with administration clients and staff, including an expert, specialists, ward director, medical caretakers, nursing collaborators and word related advisors. A writing search was likewise completed utilizing licensed databases including CINAHL and the British Nursing Index. Applicable diary articles were found on these databases utilizing watchwords, for example, administration client, inclusion and psychological well-being administrations. Nursing research books were additionally used to assemble data alongside sites underlining national arrangements and models for psychological wellness nursing. 110 Discoveries How are choices made inside the arrangement zone with respect to release arranging? A Forensic Mental Health Unit isn't a piece of the jail administrations it is a help that spends significant time in the appraisal and treatment of individuals who have a Mental Disorder. As per the Mental Health Care and Treatment Act 2003 a psychological issue is a sickness such a character issue or learning inability characterized by the demonstration, whereby the psychological issue has been a contributing element to the individual culpable. During the time on this situation inquire about was completed by the creator on strategies and techniques for release arranging. The one specifically that was seen as significant was the Care Program Approach (CPA). CPA is about early ID of necessities, task of people or associations to address those issues in a concurred and co-ordinated way and ordinary surveys of progress with the administration client and care suppliers. CPA is additionally about including family or carers at the soonest point. The Care Program Approach necessitates that administration clients ought to be furnished with duplicates of their consideration plans and it has been progressively basic for administration clients who have been the obligation of scientific therapists to have duplicates of reports identifying with their consideration. (DOH 2008). Frameworks were set up for extensive consideration arranging. There was proof to show that the administration clients social, instructive and word related necessities were considered in the consideration arranging process and other expert intercessions were accessible. Likewise, sometimes, release/move arranging was apparent from a beginning period (not long after affirmation), in spite of the fact that in different cases a couple of months had passed before any archive noticed those conversations. Release arranging is improved by the Care Program Approach (CPA) a multi-disciplinary consideration arranging precise methodology that includes administration clients and their carers. Care Program Approach is the system for care co-appointment and asset distribution in emotional wellness administrations. Choices for release are made through the multi-disciplinary group which comprises of experts, ward administrator, nursing staff, word related treatment and social laborers. release direction 4. This will go ahead to a council where the administration client will be welcome to partake, here all the proof will be advanced and a choice will be made. In the event that the administration client is limited, at that point the choice will be made by the First M inister. At the point when an assistance client is limited it implies a request has been concerned them as they are seen by the demonstration to be an increasingly genuine guilty party, this at that point implies that the Home Office is liable for conceding release and a delegate will be welcome to the Tribunal (MHCT Act 2003 SECTION 37/41). Most help clients have long haul emotional wellness issues and complex social needs and have been in contact with psychological wellness administrations for over twenty years so never consider release. Being in emergency clinic for such a long time has become some portion of their lives so administration clients consider it to be trivial being released, what might I do. 488 Area 117 AFTER-CARE Preceding 1983, no legal arrangement was made for the after-care of patients released from medical clinic. Segment 117 presented and characterized formal after-care. Specifically it expressed: It will be the tune of the wellbeing authority and the nearby power to furnish related to intentional organizations after-care administrations for any individual to whom this Section applies, until such time that the wellbeing authority and neighborhood authority are fulfilled that the individual concerned is no longer needing such administrations . Segment 117 of the 1983 Mental Health Act applies to patients who have been kept under Section 3,37, 37/41, 47/49, 48/49. Before a choice is taken to release or award leave to a patient, it is the obligation of the RMO to guarantee, in interview with different individuals from the multi-disciplinary group, that the patients requirements for wellbeing and social consideration have been completely evaluated, and that the consideration plan tends to them. The Section 117 gathering The point of the gathering is to draw up an after-care plan, in view of the latest multi-disciplinary evaluation of the patients needs. During the gathering the accompanying territories ought to be secured as proper: Lodging Finances Relationships/family Employment Social needs Brain science/emotional well-being challenges Relapse indicators Known hazard factors At the point when the consideration plan is concurred the group ought to guarantee that a key laborer is recognized to screen the consideration plan. The Care Co-Ordinator can emerge out of both of the legal organizations, and ought not be selected except if they are available at the gathering, or except if they have given their earlier understanding.. The procedure for Sec 117 can be found in Trust Policy and Procedure and applies to all patients acknowledged by mental administrations. What choices/inclusion does the administration client have in this procedure? Inside this position the consideration and treatment plans are investigated all the time. Administration clients are relied upon to meet with their key laborer and other colleagues all the time, care plans are audited at these gatherings and a common understanding will be chosen, on the most ideal path forward, when the consideration plan has been concurred by all the administration client needs to hold fast to the consideration plan.(discharge guidance)no.16 Rights, Relationships and Recovery (2006): The Report of the National Review of Mental Health Nursing in Scotland Administration clients are urged to be completely engaged with all parts of their consideration to the extent they can. Administration clients over a significant time span wishes ought to be considered, their perspectives and conclusions concerning their treatment plan should likewise be recorded, as expressed in the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act Scotland 2003. These desires and perspectives will be transformed into a consideration plan that is individual to the administration client. The standards of the demonstration support any choice made identifying with a confined assistance client in Scotland. The Milan Committee dedicated a part in the demonstration that alluded to high hazard patients it expressed that administration clients ought to have the privilege of enticement to be moved from a high or medium secure office to that of an office with lower security conditions. (Emotional well-being Care and Treatment Scotland Act 2003). This anyway appeared to be the issue no m atter how you look at it, absence of medium/low secure offices to release/move fitting help clients to. Administration clients have the open door for standard one-to-ones with their key specialists (week after week premise) or all the more consistently on the off chance that they require. Administration clients have the chance to advance their considerations on release and some other part of their consideration at the survey, for example, their privileges, convictions and their entitlement to a council. The creator went to these independant councils while on this situation and at these courts individuals had expressed that their human rights had been abused (The Human Rights Act 1998). They believed they were all the while being victimized for offenses they had submitted 20-30 years back and feel they were being held under extreme security consequently the explanation behind the council to request against this degree of security. this would mean they would be allowed grounds access on a time for testing which might be regulated, at that point become solo for a time for testing to perce ive how the administration client would adapt, this thusly will prompt a further court occurring in a set time concurred for instance 4 or a half year away, where the administration client might be conceded release/move to a lower secure unit depending that all arrangements

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Many Ways to Break

Numerous Ways to Break Numerous Ways to Break Numerous Ways to Break By Mark Nichol How can one break? Which relational word follows the action word break depends, in American English colloquialism, on which sort of exacting or metaphorical breaking is happening. To split away is to get away, to unexpectedly isolate from a gathering, as in a race, to quit accomplishing something (additionally alluded to as taking a break), or to end or decrease one’s reliance on another. A piece of something is likewise supposed to be split away from an entirety. (See likewise â€Å"break up.†) â€Å"Break down† intends to capitulate to one’s feelings, or alludes to when something, for example, a vehicle, quits working, or to isolating something into parts or decimating it; the thing structure is breakdown. To break for something is to quit accomplishing something, for example, working (additionally alluded to as taking a break), or to run toward something out of nowhere, as when attempting to get away. â€Å"Break in† intends to interfere, interrupt, or attack. What's more, one breaks an individual or a creature in via preparing him, her, or it; to break something in is to familiarize it to utilize. To break into intends to begin accomplishing something out of nowhere, as in â€Å"break into song† or â€Å"break into tears.† â€Å"Break into† can likewise be interchangeable with â€Å"break in† or can allude to isolating something into pieces. An intrusion of private property is known as a break-in. To sever is to out of nowhere hinder one’s discourse or a gathering or to cut off correspondence with somebody, or it can allude to a piece of something isolating from the entirety. â€Å"Break out† can allude to the beginning of a rash or another skin condition, to a getaway, or to an abrupt upheaval or to the start of an unsettling influence, for example, a mob or a marvel, for example, a fire. It likewise portrays the demonstration of out of nowhere making something, for example, drinks and additionally food accessible. One can likewise get the shakes from uneasiness. The thing structure, appropriate just for certain faculties, is breakout. Waves or an unexpected flood of water can break over an item, for example, a ship’s gunwale or a seawall or other hindrance. Someone or something can get through a strict or metaphorical obstruction; the demonstration is known as an advancement. â€Å"Break up† is slang for cutting off a sentimental association, yet it can likewise allude to the division of an entire into littler pieces, regardless of whether normally, as when ice breaks, releases, and melts in hotter climate, or falsely, as when someone breaks a sweet treat into segments to share it; the thing structure is separation. (The counsel â€Å"Break it up!† is a call to quit participating in something, for example, a battle.) One can break with convention, which implies accomplishing something uniquely in contrast to it is usually done. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyDisappointed + Preposition25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Monday, July 27, 2020

Dream President-Novelist Collaborations

Dream President-Novelist Collaborations News that James Patterson and former President Bill Clinton are teaming up to write a mystery novel got me imagining what books we couldve gotten if only other presidents wrote novels.  Yall we couldve had some awesome (if kind of weird) novels. Ive paired ten  presidents with ten  leading authors alive at the same time. The authors had to have written at least one work of fiction by the time the president left office. Oh, and I didnt pair anyone with Mark Twain because I just want every president in his lifetime to collaborate with Twain everyone from Lincoln to Roosevelt! Barack Obama and Ta-Nehisi Coates: I would 100% read a comic book co-authored by Obama and Coates. Especially after reading My President Was Black in  The Atlantic. I imagine that they would come up with an engrossing, woke af spin on the entire comic book genre. Obama never mentioned comic books in his lists of reads, but Id like to believe that hes read  Black Panther in the months since leaving office. Ronald Reagan and Joan Didion: If these two couldve spent more than 10 minutes in the same room together, I suspect they couldve come up with a pretty unique spin on the culture of celebrity and American life. Didions essay in In the Realm of the Fisher King (collected in  After Henry) nailed Reagans economic policies. Her writing on Hollywood, like  Play it as it Lays, suggests to me that she couldve done something subversive, popular, and brilliant in tense collaboration with  Reagan. Richard Nixon and Toni Morrison: Just hear me out on this one. During Nixons presidency, Morrison published both The Bluest Eye  and  Sula. Morrison was clearly interested in inferiority complexes, why the powerful refuse to relinquish power, and social order. Theres no doubt in my mind that a Nixon-Morrison writing partnership would be troubled and difficult, but I suspect that Morrison could work with the raw material of a man like Nixon (paranoid, ambitious, deceitful, and crass) to write an insightful novel. Lyndon B. Johnson and Robert Penn Warren: This is perhaps my dream novelist-president pairing. Ive written before  about my love for  everything Warren, so Im a little biased. However, I think that Warrens attention to the American south and his interest in Civil Rights, white liberalism, and a certain kind of good ol boy would make for a fascinating joint effort with the brash LBJ. I  know Willie Stark, central  character in  All the Kings Men, was based on  Huey Long. Still, that probably set up Warren to handle a man like Johnson. Dwight D. Eisenhower and J.D. Salinger: Salinger seems like the perfect voice to take on the Eisenhower, post-war cultural landscape (as indeed he did in  Catcher in the Rye). I can only imagine the conversations between Eisenhower, a war hero and president, and the author who railed against all the phonies. The two of them could have made something great together that celebrated and poked holes in the conformity of the 1950s. Woodrow Wilson and Margaret Mitchell: This pairing seems pretty likely, actually. Mitchells Gone with the Wind  is a deeply lets just say problematic at best, novel and we know that Wilsons legacy on race is less than stellar.  I dont want more racist literature in the world but, if Im being honest, I suspect theyd have written a book that wed read today as an example of a specific kind of progressive-but-racist, early 20th century art. So maybe it would still serve a cautionary purpose? Teddy Roosevelt and Jack London: I was surprised to learn that Roosevelt was pretty critical of authors like London, who he called nature fakers. That said, I do wonder if he doth protest too much. The  tension between these two couldve birthed an intense epic of masculine, wilderness tales suffused with wolves and manly men being men in the woods. Ulysses S. Grant and Herman Melville: Possibly unpopular opinion: Grant was a great president who doesnt get the credit he deserves. Grant and Melville were born just three years apart. The scope of both Melvilles  Moby Dick and Grants memoirs makes me think that these two couldve come up with an incredible novel about the American Civil War. Grant once said that, In every battle there comes a time when both sides consider themselves beaten, then he who continues the attack wins. If thats not something Ahab couldve understood, I dont know what is. Andrew Jackson and Edgar Allan Poe: Of course Poe, master of horror and author of the worlds first mystery novel, shouldve worked with Jackson. The presidents Indian removal policies certainly  suggest that Jackson was a man without conscience and capable of inflicting tremendous pain and suffering on others. My hope is that Poe wouldve produced something critical of Jacksons ideology but, honestly, wed probably just get a tour de force of a creepy, troubled, violent psyche. George Washington and Jupiter Hammon: This is perhaps the least likely pairing on a list of unlikely pairings. It strikes me almost silly to imagine that Washington wouldve wanted to work with Hammon, an African American and slave, and yet Hammons life as a slave in New York, where Washington fought the Revolution and the nations first capital, is a powerful rebuke to many of the Revolutions stated ideals. Hammon wrote poetry and religious texts, so hes the exception to the rule for this list of novelists, but I think that he couldve created a nuanced tale that involved the American origin story, republican theology, and liberty. What president do you want writing a novel with your favorite author?

Friday, May 22, 2020

Veronica Roth Fiction and Movie List

Veronica Roth wrote the first of the books that would become the best-selling Divergent series when she was still in college, earning a degree in creative writing. She wrote Divergent during winter break before her graduation in 2010 and sold the book the same year. It debuted at No. 6 on The New York Times best-seller list. It captured the imagination of the public, and two more books in the series followed: Insurgent and Allegiant. In the three young-adult science fiction novels, she told a coming-of-age story set in post-apocalyptic Chicago. Following the release of several Divergent series companion novellas and short stories, Roth began what may become a second series with the release of Carve the Mark in 2017. Books and Short Fiction by Veronica Roth 2011 -  Divergent  is the first book in a young-adult dystopian trilogy that takes place in a future Chicago. The story is told from the perspective of Tris, a 16-year-old. This future society is split into five factions based on the virtue they cultivate—Candor (the honest), Abnegation (the selfless), Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the peaceful)  and Erudite (the intelligent). Every 16-year-old must choose which faction they will devote their lives to and then undergo a rigorous initiation into the group. Beatrice, or Tris, must choose between her family and who she truly is.2012 -  Insurgent, the second book in the  Divergent  trilogy, deals with the fallout of Tris choice and a looming war between factions.2012 -  Free Four  - This  short story  retells the knife throwing scene from Divergent  from Tobias perspective.2013 -  Shards Ashes  - This anthology of short stories included a selection from  Veronica Roth.2013 -  Allegiant  - The last book in the  Divergent  trilogy reveals the secrets of the dystopian world that captivated millions of readers in Divergent and Insurgent.2013 - Four: The Transfer is a  novella that examines the world of the Divergent series through the eyes of Tobias Eaton.2014- The Initiate - Tobias  initiation into Dauntless, his first tattoo, and his interest in training new initiates are all covered in this novella.2014 - Four: The Son - This novella explores Tobias  struggles with the Dauntless hierarchy as he learns a secret about his past that could affect his future.2014 - Four: The Traitor  - The novella runs parallel with the early events in Divergent and includes the first meeting of Tobias and Tris Prior.2014 -  Four: A Divergent Story Collection is a  companion volume to the Divergent series that is told from the perspective of Tobias. It includes The Transfer, The Initiate, The Son and The Traitor, all of which were originally published separately.2017 - Carve the Mar k  is a science fiction fantasy set on a planet where violence rules and every person receives a currentgift, a unique power meant to shape the future. The currentgift given to Cyra and Akos, two characters from separate tribes, make them vulnerable to the control of others. When the enmity between their factions and families seems insurmountable, they decide to help each other to survive.2017  - We Can Be Mended is a short story epilogue that takes place five years after Allegiant. It focuses on the character Four. Movies Made From Roth Books Four big-screen movies have been made from the three books of the Divergent series: Divergent (2014)Insurgent (2015)The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)The Divergent Series: Ascendent (2017)

Saturday, May 9, 2020

The Behavioral Aspects Of Personality Essay - 1650 Words

Major Concepts** In regards to personality, I find myself very interested in the behavioral aspects of personality. Why we are who we are and what was that turning point that changed our lives. I’d like to believe that everyone at one point or another has a turning point(s) that completely changed their lives, perhaps changed their lives for the better or for the worst. I am also interested in personality types. There are several different personality traits and often at times something happens in life that is the key turning point that could possibly shift to a different personality than before. I firmly believed that in every-day life, our behaviors, actions and personality traits can be altered or changed from our experiences or environmentally. When it comes to Murderers, Criminals, or Rapists these deviant individuals were not born to commit such heinous acts. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Presidents of the Philippines Free Essays

Inocencio, Salve Regina S. W;F 11:00-12:30 BSCA 2-2March 6, 2013 Presidents of the Philippine Republic President| Birthday| Native Land| Term of Office| AKA/ Alias| Distinction| Greatest Achievement/ Legacy| Downfall| Cause of Death| Remarks| 1. Emilio Aguinaldo| March 22, 1869| Kawit, Cavite| January 20,  1899–April 1,1901| Heneral Miong| * He was the youngest (at age 28) to have become the country’s preside * The longest-lived former president (having survived to age 94)| * Gained the freedom of the Philippines from the Spaniards. We will write a custom essay sample on Presidents of the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Philippines’ first President| * The invasion of the Americans| (February 6, 1964 )Coronary thrombosis| * He is still a good president of the Philippines even though there are lots of controversies about him. He did his best to protect his people from the invaders. | 2. Manuel L. Quezon| August 19, 1878| Baler, Aurora| November 15, 1935-August 1, 1944| Nonong| * He is the president of the  Commonwealth of the Philippines| * Father of the  National Language * He appears on the Philippine twenty peso bill| | (August 1, 1944)Tuberculosis | * He did a great job to improve the economy. 3. Jose P. Laurel| March 9, 1891| Tanauan, Batangas| December 4, 1942  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ October 14, 1943| JPL| * The puppet president of the Philippines. He was controlled by the Japanese in heading the country| * He was selected, by the National Assembly, under vigorous Japanese influence, to serve as President. | * He violated his Oath of Office and headed an illegal government of the Philippines . | (November 6, 1959)Unspecified| * I cannot say that Laurel is a good leader in the country because there are many wrong doings that he did. He was also been accused as a traitor. 4. Sergio Osmena| September 9, 1878| Cebu City, Cebu| August 1, 1944-May 28, 1946| SO| * The first  Visayan   to become President of the Philippines. | * Founder of  Nacionalista Party * Together with Manuel Roxas, Pres. Sergio Osmena went on a mission to the US to ask for the Philippines’ independence. The mission was called OSROX. The Philippines was granted its independence. | | (19 October 1961)Unspecified| * Despite of the war, Osmena was still brave to fight for the Philippines. He didn’t leave his countrymen in the fight. He also did rehabilitations in order to reserve the Philippines from war. | 5. Manuel Roxas| January 1, 1892| Capiz, Capiz| May 28, 1946-April 15, 1948| Manoling| * The first president of the independent  Third Republic of the Philippines| * Ratification of the Bell Trade Act * The Inclusion of the Parity amendment in the constitution * The signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement * The enactment of Hare – Hawes cutting Law in 1932 Tydings Mcduffie Act which led to the granting of the Philippine independence on July 04, 1946| | (April 15, 1948)Heart attack| * His term only last 1 year 10 months and 18 days. But even though he only served short, he managed to contribute in rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. He has he trait of agood leader. | 6. Elpidio R. Quirino| November 16, 1890| Vigan, Ilocos Sur| April 17, 1948-December 30, 1953| Pidiong| | * Hydroelectric project in Lanao * The establishment of PACSA * He signed the Magna Carta of Labor and Minimum Wage Law * Amnesty for the Huks| The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the  Hukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios| (February 29, 1956)Hart Failure| * He was marked notable with reconstruction and economic gain But, his administration tainted by widespread corruption. | 7. Ramon Magsaysay| August 31, 1907| Iba, Zambales| December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957| Monching| * He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century. | * His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as the Philippines’ Golden Years * He led the foundation of the  Southeast Asia Treaty Organization  also known as the Manila Pact of 1954 * He is the first Philippine president to wear a barong tagalog in his inauguration| | (March 17, 1957)Plane crash| * He brought back the trust of the Filipinos to the government and militaries by proving integrity I his term. He is a good man to all. | 8. Carlos P. Garcia| November 4, 1896| Talibon, Bohol| March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961| CPG| | * He  exercised the  Filipino First Policy * He acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement * Initiated the â€Å"The Austerity Program†| | (June 14, 1971)Heart attack | * He believes that the government should no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests in the national economy. Because of this the country learned to stand on its own. | 9. Diosdado Macapagal| September 28, 1910| Lubao, Pampanga| December 30, 1961-December 30, 1965| Dado| | * He introduced the country’s first  land reform  law * He   placed the peso on the free currency exchange market * He shifted the country’s observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. | | (April 21, 1997)Heart failure,  pneumonia  and  renal  complications| * He focused on suppressing graft and corruption in the country. He also pursue the agricultural land reform code of 1963. And this favored the farmers. This does mean he is for the masses. | 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos| September 11, 1917|   Sarrat,  Ilocos Norte| December 30, 1965-February 25, 1986| Macoy| * The dictator who proclaimed martial law | * He proclaimed martial law and reigned 20 years as the President of the Philippines * Laws written by Marcos are still in force and in effect. | Corruption, political mismanagement, assassination of Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aquino Jr. | (September 28, 1989)Kidney failure| * Marcos’ term is worst. His administration was marred by massive corruption, political repression, and human rights violations. He is a selfish and greedy leader. | 11. Maria Corazon C. Aquino| January 25, 1933| Paniqui, Tarlac| February 25, 1986- June 30, 1992| Cory| * She uses a yellow ribbon as a symbol of democracy. | * The first female president of the Philippines and in Asia * She was named Woman of the Year by the Time Magazine in 1986 * Mother of Philippine Democracy| * Coup attempts , natural disaster like the erruption of the Mt. Pinatubo, the earthquake in Luzon, the typhoon Uring and it is also n her term where MV Dona Paz sank| (August 1, 2009)Colon Cancer| * Despite the fact that she doesn’t have any learning about politics, she still runs for the democracy. She is a fearless and selfless woman. | 12. Fidel V. Ramos| March 18, 1928| Lingayen, Pangasinan| June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998| Eddie| | * He declared his support for reinstating the death penalty * It is in his term the Philippines experienced rapid economic growth and expansion * He signed into law  Republic Act 7636-  Anti-Subversion Law. * 1997 Asian Financial Crisis| (March 18, 1928- Present)| *   As a result of his hands-on approach to the economy, the Philippines were dubbed by various internationally as  Asia’s Next Economic Tiger. He is a hard- working man and appropriate to be a leader. | 13. Joseph E. Estrada| April 19, 1937| Tondo, Manila| June 30, 1998  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ January 20, 2001| Erap| * He is an actor before becomi ng the President of the Philippines| * He declared an â€Å"all-out-war† against the  Moro Islamic Liberation Front| * Jueteng case * Jose Pidal issue| (April 19, 1937- Present)| * Estrada is a brave man. A fighter against those people who are enemy of the country. But, he is not also that idealistic leader. Still there are controversies about corruption and gambling. | 14. Gloria M. Arroyo|   April 5, 1947|   Lubao, Pampanga| January 20, 2001  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 30, 2010| Ate Glo| | * She focuses on infrastructures like the Clark,rehabilitation of NLEX and SLEX, MRT/ LRT extension and the PNR * Tourist industry boost in her term| * Electoral sabotage * Corruption| (April 5, 1947- Present)| * She is not the model of a person with integrity. Her family especially her husband took money from the government’s income. Yes she have many deeds to improve infrastructures but she is no good as a president. | 15. Benigno Aquino III| February 8, 1960| Manila| June 30, 2010- present| Noynoy| * Came from the family who contributed to gain the democracy of the people from Marcos. | * He signed  Executive Order No. 9, eorganizing the Presidential Commission on the  Visiting Forces Agreement * He  signed  Proclamation No. 3, declaring November 23, 2010, as a national day of remembrance for the victims in the  Maguindanao massacre. * Implemented Executive Order # 7 which suspends the privileges of executives of 122 Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs). | | (February 8, 1960- Present)| * Aquino is walking in the shoes of his parents. He is cleaning the government from corruption and improving the economy. But, despite of this many are still not satisfied with his performance| How to cite Presidents of the Philippines, Essay examples

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

The McDonalds franchise

The McDonald’s franchise is one of the best performing food service retailers in the world. This franchise has established outlets in various countries and serves a significantly large number of people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The McDonald’s franchise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was Raymond Kroc‘s idea of franchising the McDonald’s, which was by then a single store, that catapulted it into the global scene. This considerable transformation attracts attention to the power of franchising if executed appropriately. The McDonald’s franchise operates as a food service retailer with a particular interest in hamburgers, fries, chicken, breakfast items, salads and milkshakes. The business adopted the franchising concept upon the realization that the demand for their products was considerably increasing. In this regard, it needed to expand its coverage and cater for m ore consumers. The McDonald’s uses agents to operate its outlets in different locations. This strategy is crucial, especially concerning operations outside America, in reducing operation costs and maintaining the quality of products. In addition, it helps shied the business from various aspects of corporate exposure. Despite the high demand for its products, the McDonald’s management ensures that prices remain affordable. Since even the low-income earners can afford McDonald’s products, the franchise has a huge customer base. This has enabled the franchise to retain its market dominance. In addition, the management ensures consistency in all its outlets to maintain its products’ quality. This involves standard procedures regarding cooking and serving.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy ensures the availability of labor as it is con siderably easy for new employees to become acquainted with procedures and ensure timely services. The charges on franchisees are relatively low and thus favorable. The McDonald’s policy requires franchisees to pay a commission of about 2 percent of their sales. This offer ensures the availability of labor for the business as it is attractive to a large number of potential franchisees. Considering the rapidly changing market and consumer preferences, the McDonald‘s keeps revising its products to ensure they remain valid. Outside America, the McDonald’s ensures the integration of local cultures into its menu items. To start a franchise in the food service industry, one has to incur various costs. The costs vary depending on factors such as the franchise type, location and equipments. In food retailing, the main consideration at entry is sufficient non-borrowed personal resources. This is crucial concerning the setting up of an operation base. In addition, one has t o pay the franchise fee, which ensures that the franchisee can use the franchisor’s brand and access support in various aspects such as marketing and training. An Opportunity cost refers to the benefits forgone by producing a good or service. For example, considering a limited budget, allocating resources to a certain type of surgery means that other departments under the same pool of resources will operate under fewer resources and thus may not function effectively. The Initial costs involved in purchasing a franchise are considerably higher than starting a business from scratch.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The McDonald’s franchise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there are higher rates of return for operating a franchise since one deals with a product that is already in market, and the franchisor offers support in various aspects of business operations. A startup business has to incur the costs associated with such options. The opportunity cost in this scenario is the benefits of a lower initial capital associated with a startup business that one forgoes owing to the long-term benefits associated with venturing into franchise business. This assessment on The McDonald’s franchise was written and submitted by user Ahmad Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Friday, March 20, 2020

What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay Example

What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay Example What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society? Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society? Within globalized societies, the main agenda is the expansion of the actual liberties that people enjoy. Literacy is one of the instruments that most people use in the expression of freedom. The use of written communication in today’s world follows economic and socio-political systems as well as operations at domestic, national and global heights. Literacy provides institutions and other individuals with opportunities for learning new elements. The wide variety of literacy methods and practices used by people and communities in different contexts display the randomness through which literacy is acquired or used. Firstly, the more scholars study the process through which literacy is set in, the better the chances of the global community to view literacy as an actual instrument of freedom. Literacy bears many qualities of freedom as it is embedded in social relationships and change. Contributions on literacy by Amartya Sen analyze the value of literacy in pursuing opportunities as a means of maximizing freedoms. According to Sen, developed societies may have the freedom to decide and follow the lifestyle that people deem as valuable (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 214). In such situations, the individual’s actions are shaped by the environment and they determine the social context (Robinson-Pant 2003, p. 355). Secondly, negative aspects of denial of freedom such as child mortality, insecurity and unemployment are created and shaped by the society. Sen states that different communities possess different freedoms and consequently, different limits for organizing social transformation (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 217). Freedom forms the foundation for development within a society. According to Sen, a social structure such as the state are qualified subjects for studying freedom and links it to support for expanding people’s freedoms. The need for this support cannot be any clearer than in literacy. Lack of literacy illustrates a lack of freedom or as Sen puts it â€Å"unfreedom† (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 232). In addition, the fast pace of globalization in an already largely literate society exists amid 700 million individuals who lack the information to improve their lives, and play an increased role in politics and economic activities. Literacy carries certain advantages from political to economic. This is because acquisition of literacy improves an individual’s confidence and sense of worth. Such knowledge provides a way to increased civic participation with better knowledge on family planning and education matters. Data on literacy is however difficult to obtain as very little research has been done on the subject (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 223). Based on the latest researches, most reports place the number of illiterate adults at 774 million. That represents about 18% of the total world adult population. The majority of adults with little or no literacy are situated in sub-Saharan Africa, South and West Asia and the Pacific. In terms of gender, women represent about 64% of the total illiterate population (Horsman 2005, p. 167). Most of this percentage of the illiterate population resides in fifteen countries. South Asia has the lowest literacy levels mainly because of Bangladesh and Pakistan that have 47% and 50% respectively. Lower literacy levels are synonymous with low poverty levels. An example is in Ethiopia, Bangladesh and India where over 80% of the population lives below $2 a day. In these societies, the literacy levels are below 63% and the number of illiterate individuals stands at about 4 million people (Horsman 2005, p. 168). Literacy levels also tend to be lower in rural areas, among indigenous people and minorities. EFA goals currently set the bar for countries to achieve a 50% increase in adult literacy levels before 2015 particularly for women. These standards were unachievable, as some countries have already achieved over 60% literacy levels (Agnaou 2004, p. 123). Contemporary assessments of literacy do not encapsulate the political and academic debates that have occurred in the recent past. The definition of literacy has however grown to include human resource skills and socio-cultural as well as political change. From the 1960s, functional literacy developed alongside social change as a tool of development and consequently, development (Rajak 2007, p. 123). In addition, certain freedoms are realized from literacy in a direct manner while others are benefits accrued because of literacy within the society. Basic political rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of action and freedom of life are given by the mere acknowledgement of literacy. The slave owners in South America convinced legislators to prohibit slaves from reading. Islam societies similarly treat their women as virtual slaves as they are banned from attending school to keep them ignorant and illiterate. These two instances of denying certain sections of the society the privilege of a proper education signify the power of literacy. For an individual to be able to enjoy their individual freedoms they have to be able to read (Hung, Yoong, Brown 2012, p. 27). Intellectual empowerment is the starting point for individual freedom. Scholars have proved there is a direct relation between literacy, prosperity and improved living standards. These capabilities accrued from literacy such as increased incomes, civil liberties and health are assumed the means through which an individual can achieve certain freedoms. This argument is slightly different from the conventional one that claims that education and health are the means to achieving the final product that is income. According to Sen, income is just but one aspect that combines with other aspects to provide an individual and society with greater freedom (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 229). The use of literacy however depends on the society and the context in which it used (Juceviciene, Merkys Reinert 2002, p. 134). Particular countries such as China, South Korea and Taiwan have made great economic and political achievements that have translated into increased freedoms for their citizens. The rationale given behind their rapid economic development might be given as strategic exploitation of the global economy. However, basic education has played a major role in these developments. The case of China was particularly helped by its increased investment in the education sector. Under Mao Tse-tung, the basic education policies that were adopted in China made the country have an upper hand in benefiting from the global economy. Education, in this case, expanded the capabilities of the Chinese people that results in various types of rewards (Eisenberg, Lowe Spitzer 2004, p. 232). When people are illiterate, they are less likely to comprehend their legal rights and to protect them when required. This serves as a major setback in a scenario where on e party violates the rights of others. This problem mainly affects the poor populations as their rights are often violated due to a high level of illiteracy. As was mentioned earlier, women are more affected by illiteracy and as a result, they enjoy fewer freedoms. Women nit being able to read or write exposes them to violation in property rights and expression of other freedoms as they are unfairly treated. Implementing a strong sense of law within the society will not be beneficial, as people cannot take advantage of the laws if they cannot read them (Horsman 2005, p. 97). Illiteracy can lead to denial of political freedoms within a society. The reverse is true in more developed communities such as those in North America and parts of Europe. Literacy provides the members of a society with the opportunity to exercise their political rights such as voting in area representatives or providing opinion on policies. Literacy gives an individual the ability to decipher political jargon and at the same time, deliver politically relevant declarations. This is very important in the expression of demands to the state. Political freedoms are by far the most abused in countries having the highest rates of illiteracy. In such countries, the inequality in distribution of resources by the government leads to poverty in certain areas followed by illiteracy that completes the circle of muffled freedoms (Brayman Hackel Kelly 2008, p. 175). Studies done by Sen elaborate on different aspects of human security as part of the freedoms enjoyed in globalized societies. According to Sen, human security is achieved when the voice of the citizen is strengthened through increased literacy (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 237). An instance of food insecurity as suppression of the right to food and a denial of the freedom of choice on what to consume as an individual and a society will suffice to elaborate the relationship between literacy, political expression and realization of freedoms. Within established democracies, cases of food shortages are not recorded as people in these states are give political voice. This is because criticism of the failed government channeled by the free press will force the government to act swiftly to mitigate the effects of food shortage (Agnaou 2004, p. 121). Finally, the development of women and girls in most underdeveloped countries has been pegged on their ability to maintain autonomous incomes, possess ownership rights, literate and education. Literacy is solely responsible for the empowerment of women across the world. Although all these factors affecting women may seem diverse and unrelated, they cumulatively combine to suppress women’s freedoms. Social problems such as overpopulation have been found to reduce or even disappear because of an increase in literacy and education among women. In conclusion, literacy has had an important role in shaping some of the major events in the world that have later benefited the societies that embraced it. Literacy has played a major role in colonialism as it was considered the channel through which civilization could be spread within Asia and Africa. Among Christians and British soldiers in Uganda for example, the ability to read was assumed to bring about other skills such as reflection and increased reasoning (Daniell Mortensen 2007, p. 187). After independence, literacy also played a big role in building the new nations. Literacy was seen as an underlying factor to modernization that would ensure increased freedoms for the citizens. Literacy can also be considered as a form of power. To the illiterate person living in abject poverty, gaining literacy and education presents them with limitless power to transform their immediate surroundings. References Agnaou, F 2004, Gender, literacy, and empowerment in Morocco, Routledge, New York. Brayman Hackel, H Kelly, CE 2008, Reading women: Literacy, authorship, and culture in the Atlantic world, 1500-1800, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Daniell, B Mortensen, P 2007, Women and literacy: Local and global inquiries for a new century, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York. Eisenberg, MB, Lowe, CA Spitzer, KL 2004, Information Literacy: Essential Skills for the. Information Age, Libraries Unlimited, Westport. Horsman, J 2005, Too scared to learn women, violence, and education, McGilligan Books/Mahwah, Toronto. Hung, AJ, Yoong, J Brown, E 2012, â€Å"Empowering. Women Through Financial Awareness and Education†, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, no. 14, OECD Publishing, pp. 1-42. Juceviciene, P, Merkys, G, Reinert, GB 2002, Towards the Learning Society: Educational Issues. Lang, Frankfurt. Rajak, MP 2007, Literacy for equality and empowerment of women, Man and Life, vol. 33, no, 4, pp. 121-124. Raley, Y Preyer, G, 2010, Philosophy of education in the era of globalization, Routledge, New York. Robinson-Pant, A 2000, ‘Women and literacy: a Nepal Perspective’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 20, pp 349-364.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

The Complete List of Colleges That Require Interviews

The Complete List of Colleges That Require Interviews SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many colleges askyou to interview with an alum or admissions officer as part of the application process. This article has the full list of schools that require, recommend, or offer interviews, and it will give you some pointers onhow to figure out your college’s interview policy. To start off, let’s review the point of the college interview. Is your interviewer evaluating you, or is the meeting simply a chance for you to learn more about the school? Why Do Colleges GiveInterviews? Colleges hold interviews for a couple of different purposes. The most common perception is that interviews are meant to evaluate you. Your interviewer is sizing you up and will report back to the school with her two cents on whether or not you’d be a good fit. For the majority ofcollege interviews, this is mostly true. While a college interviewer doesn’t have a huge say in who gets in and who doesn’t, she does contribute to the decision by sharing herperception of your personality, strengths, weaknesses, and goals.Often the most selective schools use evaluative interviews, like Harvard (and most of the Ivy Leagues), Wesleyan, and Hamilton College. Most college interviewers aren't trying to put you on the spot, though. Rather, they use interviewsas a way to get to know you further, beyond the written component of your application. Rather thandrill you with questions, they often wantto engage you in conversation about your interests and passions. Interviewerswant to learn more about your goals and assist you in figuring out whether the college is the right place to achieve them.According to some colleges, the report from an interviewer almost alwayshelps your candidacy because it helps flesh you out as a multidimensional person. While most interviews are evaluative, some are merely offered to be informational. Informational interviews are offeredto help you learn more about the school and get all your questions answered bysomeone who attended. These interviews are meant to be for your benefit, and usually, interviewers don’t issue a report to any admissions committees. Some schools that offer purely informational interviews are Cornell, Vassar, and Colby. Colleges that consider interviews when they evaluate you typically require or strongly recommend the interview (for all intents and purposes, let’s just interpret â€Å"recommend† as â€Å"require†). Those that offer informational interviews often present them as optional. Flipped around, you can usually safely assume that a required interview is evaluative. Optional interviews are often more informational, with a few exceptions, like Tufts and Northwestern.If an interview’s optional, it’s still a good idea to set one up. Not only will you make a good contact and learn a lot, but you’ll be actively demonstrating your interest in the college! So to sum up, college interviews, like the Harvard interview, can be evaluative and consideredin admissions decisions, or informational, like the Cornell interview, and meant solely to teach you about the school. Evaluative interviews are also informationalin many ways;it’s definitely a good ideato prepare and ask questions and learn about the college. Regardless of what kind of interview the college offers, it will be your responsibility to set one up. How do you go about setting up your college interview? You might meet at a local coffee shop, where you can express your enthusiasm in cappuccino foam. How Do You Set Up an Interview? Most interviews are conducted by alumni of the college. These alumni live all over the country or internationally, so they’re able to meet with most students at their high schools or at a nearby coffee shopor library.When I interviewed, I met in a cafe, my local library, and two alums' houses - which, in retrospect, is kind ofstrange. Most colleges are clear that you should meet in a public place, not go to an interviewer'sprivate home. Colleges vary in their procedures when it comes to interviews. Some ask you to set one up after you’ve applied and they’ve begun to process your application. Others may ask you to indicate on your application whether or not you’d like to have an interview (these are the optional ones). More selective schools, typically those with required interviews, often want you to request an interview a few weeks earlier than your application deadline. MIT and Wellesley, for instance, set interview request deadlines in mid-October for students planning to apply early action and in mid-December for students applying regular decision. These deadlines are a couple of weeks earlier than your application deadline, so you’ll need to research the process at your prospective colleges early. If you have any interviews, you’ll have to keep track of the interview deadline, not just your overall application due date. Once you’ve made your request, the college will usually put you in touch with a local alum. Then you’ll set up a time and place that works for both of you. At this point, some readers may be sharinga very specific worry: what if there are no interviewers in myarea? If you don't have an interviewer close by, then the college simply tears up your application. KIDDING. If an interview's impossible, it won't negatively affect your chances in any way. What If You Don’t Have a Local Interviewer? Most students will have at least one interviewer in their area, at least for those schools that require interviews. Alumni networks are often wide-ranging. However, if you’re one of the few students that doesn’t have an alum in your area, many schools will allow you to have an online interview, typically over Skype or Gchat, or one on the phone. If this is the case, most schools share Brown’s view: â€Å"All interviews, whether in-person, at interviewing day, by phone or by Skype/G-Chat are considered equally by the Office of College Admission.† If an online or phone interviewdoesn’t work either for some reason, then don’t worry!Your inability to set up an interview won’t be held against you. Even if the interview’s required, schools aren’t going to punish you for where you live. Nor will it affect you negatively if there are simply too many applicants and not enough interviewers. Make every effort to meet interview request deadlines and/or set up an online meeting, but don’t worry if it’s just not possible. You can rest assured that it won’t detract from your application. Before getting into the full list of colleges’ interview policies, let’s first consider the rules at Ivy League colleges, all but one of which strongly recommend or require an interview. Ivy, the patron plant of perfect SAT scores. Interview Policies of Ivy League Schools If you’re planning to apply to Ivy League schools, then you know that their expectations are as rigorous as they come. Most require the maximum number of teacher recommendations and SAT Subject Tests, not to mention a high GPA, strong extracurricular background, and competitive test scores. Why wouldn’t they also require an evaluative interview as part of this intensive process? They would, and they do. For every school but Cornell, evaluative interviews are a required part of the application process.Admissions committeesaren’t too transparent about exactly how much interviews count toward the decision. An interviewcertainly shouldn’t make or break your application or even count all that significantly in the admissions decision, but when applying to such selective schools, every aspect counts. A great interview could give you a competitive edge over another applicant with similar credentials. The chart below shows the interview policies of the eight Ivy League colleges. As mentioned above, you should pretty much consider â€Å"recommended† to mean the same as â€Å"required.† Click on a school’s name if you’d like to read its official statement on college interviews. College Interview Policy Interview Purpose Brown Required Evaluative Columbia Required Evaluative Cornell* Required for Architecture program and the School of Hotel Administration, recommended for the Art program Informational Dartmouth Recommended Evaluative Harvard Required Evaluative Princeton Recommended Evaluative University of Pennsylvania Required Evaluative Yale Recommended Evaluative *Cornell is the only Ivy League school that doesn’t schedule interviews for a majority of candidates. Cornell makes sure to emphasize that its interviews are informational, rather than evaluative: "Once you apply to Cornell, an alumnus or alumna in your area may contact you to schedule a time to talk. While this optional, informal conversation helps the admission committee get to know you better, its main purpose is to give you an opportunity to ask any questions you may have about Cornell. This meeting does not serve as an admissions interview.† Since we’re already talking about the interview policies of Ivy League schools, let’s also take a closer look at other highly selective colleges that require interviews as part of their admissions processes. If you’re applying to any of the Ivies, you might also have one or more of the schools below on your college list. What Goldilocks wasto porridge, these schools are to their applicants. This mayhave made more sense in the old days of SAT analogies. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Interview Policies of Highly Selective Colleges Some of the following schools require interviews, while others simply recommend them or offer them as an option. As mentioned above, it’s always a good idea to seize an opportunity to demonstrate your interest ina school. Especially with these highly selective schools that use holistic admissions processes, it’s always helpful to reveal more of who you are, what motivates you, and why you’re enthusiastic to attend. And remember how I said to read â€Å"recommended† as â€Å"required†? MIT hints at the same interpretation: â€Å"We don't just want to see how you look on paper: we're interested in the whole person†¦.Interviews are strongly recommended. In fact, last year, of eligible applicants, we admitted 10.8% of those who had an interview (or who had their interview waived) but only 1% of those who chose not to interview.† Loud and clear, MIT. Interviews matter. The schools with optional, informational interviews aren't so intense. While I’d still advise you to take advantage of the offer, it shouldn’t negatively impact your application if you don’t choose to schedule an interview with them. Check out the chart below for the interview policies of some selective colleges. As with the info above, you can click on the school’s name to go to its official site and learn more about how its interview process. College Interview Policy InterviewPurpose Bates College Recommended Evaluative Bowdoin College Recommended Evaluative Carnegie Mellon Recommended Evaluative Colby College Recommended Evaluative Colgate University Optional Informational Connecticut College Recommended Evaluative Duke Recommended Evaluative Emory Recommended Evaluative Georgetown University Required Evaluative Hamilton College Recommended Evaluative Haverford College Recommended Evaluative Johns Hopkins Optional Informational Middlebury College Recommended Evaluative MIT Strongly recommended Evaluative Northwestern Optional Evaluative Pomona Recommended Evaluative Rice Recommended Evaluative Stanford Optional Evaluative Swarthmore College Recommended Evaluative Trinity College Recommended Evaluative Tufts University Optional Evaluative Union College Recommended Evaluative University of Chicago Recommended Evaluative University of MichiganAnn Arbor Recommended for applicants to College of Engineering Evaluative Vanderbilt Optional Evaluative Vassar College Optional Informational Wake Forest University Recommended Evaluative Washington University in St. Louis Optional Wellesley Recommended Evaluative Wesleyan University Recommended Evaluative Many of the schools on the above list are highly selective, and many of them encourage applicants to interview so they gain a more complete sense of each student as a â€Å"whole person.† Other schools have different purposes for interviews, as you’ll seebelow. Gather round! We're heading tothe full list of colleges that require interviews. Full List of Colleges That RequireInterviews Like the schools above, most of the schools on this complete list use interviews to evaluate a candidate as part of their admissions process. While interviews help admissions committees get orknow a student better, they may also have more specific purposes. Some interviews are meant to help an applicant with academic and career planning. Many art, design, and performance schools on the list below hold interviews to review and discuss a portfolio. For instance,Moore College of Art and Design and Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design hold this kind of portfolio review interview. Religious institutions, likeBrigham Young University, Gordon College, and Yeshiva University, talk to a candidate about her religious beliefs and the kind of commitment she can make to their community. Others, like Bard College at Simon's Rock and Naropa University, are looking to get to know candidates better and gauge their overall fit with their very unique college communities. I’ve provided the full list below, along with the purpose of interviews for most of the schools that offer them. If you can fill in any of the blanks, let me know in the comments! College Interview Policy Interview Purpose American Academy of Art Required Evaluative Bard College at Simon's Rock Required Evaluative Berea College Required Evaluative Berklee College of Music Required Evaluative Bethesda University of California Required Evaluative Boricua College Required Evaluative Brigham Young University Required Ecclesiastical endorsement Brooks Institute Required Evaluative Cairn University Required Evaluative Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Required Evaluative Cogswell Polytechnical College Required Evaluative College of the Ozarks Required Evaluative Colorado Technical University Required Evaluative Dallas Christian College Required Evaluative Divine Word College Required Evaluative Goddard College Required Evaluative Gordon College Required Evaluative Hamilton Technical College Required Evaluative Hebrew Theological College Required Evaluative Hellenic College Required Evaluative (hierarch's evaluation and priest's recommendation for seminarian applicants) Holy Apostles College and Seminary Required Evaluative Jones College Required Evaluative Juilliard School Required as part of audition callback process Kaplan University Required Evaluative Kendall College Required Evaluative LIM College Recommended Lipscomb University Optional Informational Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts Recommended Mary Baldwin College Recommended Marylhurst University Required Evaluative Mercy College Required for certain programs Evaluative Milwaukee Institute of Art Design Recommended Monroe College Required Evaluative Moore College of Art and Design Recommended Evaluative Mt. Sierra College Recommended Naropa University Required Evaluative Northwest College of Art and Design Required Informational Paier College of Art Required Evaluative Paul Quinn College Required Evaluative Point Park University Required for applicants to stage-management and technical theatre/design Evaluative Pontifical College Josephinum Required Evaluative Rocky Mountain College of Art Design Required Evaluative Sacred Heart Major Seminary Required Evaluative Santa Fe University of Art and Design Required Evaluative Shimer College Required Evaluative State University of New York Upstate Medical University Required Evaluative Stevens Institute of Technology Required for Accelerated Pre-Medicine applicants, optional for all other applicants Evaluative Sullivan University Required The King's College Recommended United States Air Force Academy Required Evaluative United States Naval Academy Required Evaluative University of North Carolina School of the Arts Required Evaluative University of Waterloo Required for School of Architecture Evaluative VanderCook College of Music Required Evaluative West Coast University Required Evaluative Western Governors University Required Evaluative Westwood College Required Evaluative Yeshiva University Required Evaluative Since there are thousands of colleges across the US and admissions policies are always changing, it’s important for you to be able to track down this kind of information on your own. If you have questions about a school that’s not on this list or want to learn more about a prospective college’s interview policies on your own, how can you go about finding this information? How can you bring your school's interview policy front and center? How to Research College Interview Policies If you click on the names of any of the colleges above, you’ll be brought to its official admissions page, specifically one with information about college interviews. By simply going to your colleges’ official site and locating the page with information on applying, you should be able to learn more details about each step of the process. If this information is not readily available, then you should contact the admissions office by email, a form on its website, or phone call (usually the fastest option during business hours). Ask the office about their policies around interviews - or any other questions you have. Make sure to investigate at least a month before your application deadlines - as you saw above, interview request deadlines can be weeks earlier than application deadlines. You may also search for other students’ experiences with interviews on discussion forums like College Confidential. Students may share questions they were asked and how they prepared, though keep in mind that every alum interviewer may be different. Some colleges that require interviews or offer them give helpful suggestions for questions you might be asked on their websites, and you can find other prompts online and practice what your responses. Once you know exactly when and how to set up your interview, spend some time preparing questions and answers. That way you can make the most of the conversation, connect with your interviewer, and demonstrate both your qualifications and enthusiasm for your college of choice. What’s Next? Apart from practicing your answers to common interview questions, you should prepare some thoughtful questions to ask your interviewer. But you don’t have to come up with them all on your own! This helpful guide contains some of the best questions to ask your college interviewer. In addition tothe interview, you have plenty of other steps to take when putting together your application.For a complete overview, check out our guide to the entire college application process, step by step. Are you a top student aiming to get into the Ivy League? This Harvard alum shares exactly what it takes to get accepted to Harvard and other Ivy League schools. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Management and Business1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and Business1 - Essay Example The company’s offices will be established at Canada in the first year of operation to reduce costs. The founder, who is a professional engineer, has 18 years of responsible and progressive experience (Alleny 130). The company has notified major clients to be major construction companies, real estate companies, local and state governments, and water companies. We believe by focusing on these institutions, which have special needs. We will be capable of bettering our service to clients and producing a superior service that is more efficient and effective than other structural firms (Pinson 70). Our mission is to provide structural engineering services to clients across the United Kingdom. The engineering services to offer will be for all types of buildings, ranging from concept planning to completion. The company will use highly skilled and professional team working together, using practical experience and common sense to undertake its projects. The StructureAll Limited will provide innovative approaches to structural engineering services and it will build a long-term relationship with the company’s clients, delivering excellent services in time and in cost-effective manner (Alleny 130). StructureAll limited will offer complete civil and structural engineering services. The company will put most focus on the residential, commercial and industrial sectors.The company will deal with projects, which will involve renovations, rehabilitation, additions, and new construction. The company offers economical and innovative design services while maintaining the state-of-the-art design technology. In addition, structureAll offers cost effective and good quality services in engineering design, project management and construction and construction management (Flyvbjerg, Holm, and Buhl 131). Start-up expenses will allow for initial legal

Sunday, February 2, 2020

BBC in 1920s and 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BBC in 1920s and 1930s - Essay Example [1] [3] [4] John Reith was chosen as general manager and the company later became the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927 when it was granted a Royal Charter of incorporation and ceased to be privately owned. It started experimental television broadcasting in 1932 and finally in 1936 began commercial operation. [1] [3] [4] Since BBC was doing great, it awarded a second TV channel, BBC2, in 1964, renaming the existing channel BBC1. BBC's monopoly on radio services persisted until the 1970s. Starting in 1964 a series of pirate radio stations came on the air, and forced the UK government to finally deregulate radio services. In response the BBC reorganized and renamed their radio channels. As well as the four national channels, a series of local BBC radio stations was established. [1] [3] [4] Since the deregulation of the UK television and radio market in the 1980s, the BBC started to face greater competition from the commercial sector, especially on satellite television, cable television, and digital television services. [1] The credit of the early success of the company goes to the BBC Research Department which has played a major part in the development of broadcasting and recording techniques. In the early days it carried out essential research into acoustics and programme level and noise measurement. [1] [3] [4] The BBC is a Public Corporation operating as a public service broadca... The BBC is required by its charter to be free from both political and commercial influence and to answer only to its viewers and listeners. [1] [3] [4] Goals in 1920s and 1930s BBC was established in 1922 and its earliest goal (as with most companies) was to survive. BBC started off with its radio service, which was the first of its kind. The national service which BBC provided could only be heard by the few who had radio receivers. Therefore as beginner BBC's objective was to firmly establish itself as a known company and promote the technology to the audiences. As the technology progressed and more people got interested in the entertainment provided by BBC, the goals of the company matured as well. For the purpose of better understanding these goals are broken down into separate headings and the goals specified are presented in a chronological order. Economic goals As mentioned above, as a new company starting in 1922, the aim of BBC was to survive the initial excursion into the unknown world of radio public service. After creating the stirring in the British elite circle (because this service could only be afforded by the elites initially), the economic goal of BBC changed towards enlarging its scope and expanding into bigger markets. By late 1930s BBC's economic goal was to earn through its radio and T.V. broadcasts without interference from commercial pressures. Governmental goals In 1926 the first royal charter was given to BBC to function. This charter was an understanding to promote governmental goals as well as BBC's own goals. The British monarch used the radio to forge a link between the dispersed and disparate listeners and the symbolic heartland of

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Modulation Systems Used In Satellite Communications Computer Science Essay

Modulation Systems Used In Satellite Communications Computer Science Essay Satellite is the one of the greatest means of communication carrying a large chuck of voice and data stream from one part of the horizon to the other as compared to other medium. In this modern age, communication satellite networks are an indispensable part of the major telecommunication systems. Satellite interconnects the nodes and provides some better advantages in application than the traditional communication systems such as interconnecting large traffic nodes (e.g. telephone exchanges), mobile communication and provision of end to end connections directly to users, television and sound broadcast directly to the public [1]. To provide the optimum quality of services (QoS) different types of design techniques needs to be consider for different purposes like distinct types of modulation and coding (channel and source) techniques are used for specific purpose, link budget calculations, selection of radio frequency (RF) etc. Other dominating factors are: permitted earth station size and complexity, the size and the shape of the service area etc [2]. The objective of this paper is to describe different types of modulations systems using for satellite communications. In this report, first I am trying to give some basic information related to the modulation systems and then bring all possible modulation schemes used in satellite communications. Modulation: In general view, modulation is the process where the characteristics (phase, frequency or amplitude) of the high frequency carrier are varied in accordance with the baseband signal. The baseband signal carries the basic information such as the output of video camera, voice coder or digital television. In practical point of view, it is more convenient to carry the modulation at the intermediate frequency-typically 70MHz [1]. Satellites are usually operate at Gigahertz range of frequency and the modulation signals are up-converted to the transmission frequency and amplified before going on air [1].The term modulation is also used to describe certain types of baseband processing like Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) or Pulse Code modulation (PCM) [2]. Modulation Systems for Satellite Communications: We can divide the modulation systems in two broad categories like Analogue Modulation and Digital Modulation Analogue modulation is Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation and the phase Modulation. Digital Modulation is divided into several categories and each of those uses in specific purpose. Analogue Modulation: Let consider a sinusoidal wave f(t): f(t) = A cos {2*à Ã¢â€š ¬*f c(t)+ÃŽÂ ±}..(A) Where A is the amplitude, f c is the carrier frequency and theta is the phase of the wave with respect to the information signals. When the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed, then the wave is called amplitude modulated and scheme is known as the amplitude modulation. Likewise when frequency or phase of the wave is altered then it called frequency modulated and phase modulation respectively and techniques are known as frequency and phase modulation respectively [1]. Amplitude Modulation: As mentioned above, a carrier wave is said to be amplitude modulated when the amplitude of the carrier varies with respect to the baseband signal. An amplitude modulated signal can be given as V(t)= A{1+m(t)}cos (2*à Ã¢â€š ¬*fc) (1) In equation (1), m(t) is the message signal and the fc is the carrier frequency. A{1+m(t)} is the amplitude of the carrier and it varies accordance with the signal m(t). If m(t) is the sinusoidal signal and Am and fm is the amplitude and the frequency of the m(t) respectively, then it can be written as follows V(t)= A{1+Am sin2*pi*fm}cos (2*à Ã¢â€š ¬*fc) .(2) The spectral efficiency of V(t) can be obtain by expanding equation (3) and it can be shown that there are two side bands in the spectrum like upper and lower. The upper and lower sidebands consists of same spectral shape as that of the message signal m(t) [1]. The main advantages of the AM is that amplitude modulated carrier can be easily detected by using a simple envelop detector. An envelope detector is the simple large time constant RC circuit. But the difficulty is that AM modulation is rarely use for satellite communications because [1]: An amplitude modulated signal is very susceptible to the signal fluctuation It requires very high Signal to Noise ratio for desire amount of quality. AM is used in laser inter-satellite links (ISL) in an alternate form called ON-OFF keying. There are two forms of AM systems: Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Single Side Band Modulation (SSB) In DSB-SC the carrier frequency is suppressed and only side bands are transmitted. In this case the amplitude of the wave does not follow the amplitude of the signal and as a consequence of that it reduces the simplicity of the demodulation in FM. DSB-SC is not used in the satellite communications but this technique is good for understanding the SSB modulation [1]. SSB is another alternative form of the AM systems. This technique is suitable for the application where the bandwidth is the premium. In AM modulation, both the side bands consist of baseband information and transmission of same information twice showing the redundancy. In this case, SSB modulation, this redundancy is cut-off by removing one of the sideband so the bandwidth of the RG signal is same as the bandwidth of the baseband signal. Sometimes the carrier is also removed then it is called SSB-SC (suppressed carrier) [1]. SSB is detected at the receiver end using synchronous detector. There are two factors playing an important role to make the SSB suitable for the satellite communications: occupied bandwidth and the required carrier to noise ratio. The most common application of the SSB in the satellite communication is to multiplex voice signals into a composite baseband signal. Another form of SSB is using in the mobile satellite communication is known as the ACSSB (Amplitude C ompanded SSB) because in mobile satellite service efficiency of the bandwidth is desired. Frequency Modulation: The FM systems are widely used in satellite communications. FM system is appropriate for those cases where the baseband signals are in analogue form. In FM, frequency of the carrier signal is varied with the message signal[1]. This scheme exploits where simple receivers are essential for transmission of the digital data[4]. An example is Inmarsat Paging system because an important requirement of the paging system is the need for simple, low-cost and rugged receiver [1]. The most common methods of modulation used in the fixed-satellite service are FM for analogue signals [5]. FM has been largely used in satellite communications. It is particularly convenient when a single carrier per transponder is used and where the constant envelope of the FM signals allows the power amplifiers to operate at saturation, thus making maximum use of the available power.[5] Digital Modulation: In digital modulation techniques baseband signals can be modulated by altering the one or more of its basic parameter: amplitude, frequency and phase. According to this there are three basic modulation schemes in digital modulation like Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). There are many variations and combination of these techniques. The combination of ASK and PSK is also known as the QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).Table: 1 below showing list of some digital modulation schemes. Some of the schemes can be derived from more than one parent schemes [3]. Abbreviations Alternate Abbreviations Descriptive names FSK BFSK MFSK FSK Frequency Shift Keying (Generic name) Binary Frequency Shift Keying M-ary Frequency Shift Keying PSK BPSK QPSK OQPSK à Ã¢â€š ¬/4-QPSK MPSK PSK 4PSK SQPSK Phase Shift Keying (Generic Name) Binary Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Offset QPSK, Staggered QPSK à Ã¢â€š ¬/4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying M-ary Phase Shift Keying CPM SHPM MHPM LREC CPFSK MSK LRC LSRC GMSK TFM CORPSK FFSK Continuous Phase Modulation Single h (modulation index) phase modulation Multi h phase modulation Rectangular pulse of length L Continuous phase frequency shift keying Minimum phase shift keying, Fast frequency shift keying Raised cosine of pulse of length L Spectrally raised cosine pulse of length L Gaussian Minimum shift keying Tamed frequency shift keying Correlative PSK QAM ASK Quadrature amplitude modulation Amplitude shift keying QORC QOSRC SQORC Q2PSK UF-OQPSK TSI OQPSK SQAM XPSK Quadrature overlapped raised cosine modulation Quadrature overlapped square raised cosine modulation Staggered QORC Quadrature Quadrature phase shift keying Inter-symbol interference/Jitter free OQPSK Two symbol interleaved OQPSK Superposed QAM Cross-correlated QPSK Table: Digital Modulation using in satellite commiunications. As the advance in technology and limitation of analogue modulation it is now most of the satellite using digital modulation techniques and providing some advantages over analogue modulation like better performance, error detection and correction efficiency, signal to noise ratio etc. So in this paper focus are mainly given to the various types of digital modulation systems. We can divide digital modulation systems into two large categories [1]; Constant Envelop Modulation and Non- Constant Envelop Modulation and The constant envelop class is generally considered as the most suitable for the satellite communications because it minimizes the effect of non-linear amplification in the high power amplifier like TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) or KTA (Klystron Tube Amplifier). In this case the generic FSK is not suitable for satellite communication because it has very low bandwidth efficiency as compared to PSK systems [5].In this section of the report a brief description of different types of digital modulation systems using in satellite communication is given. PSK BPSK QPSK: In PSK system, envelop is constant but the phase changes discontinuously from symbol to symbol. There are two types of classic PSK schemes like BPSK (Binary PSK) and QPSK (Quadrature PSK). Generally, PSK modulation systems with M-ary signals can be used and its known as MPSK [5]. MPSK is more suitable than MFSK because it provides better Power Nyquest efficiency than MFSK. In mobile satellite communication, the most commonly used digital modulation system have been BPSK and different forms of QPSK. It is not surprising that higher order modulation are providing the better performance and efficient as well but they are more sensitive to the channel impairments. Recently, higher order PSK, 16-QAM is using for this purpose. [1] PSK modulation systems easily represented in the I-Q plane where I and Q axes are normal to each other. One point in I-Q plane is providing the information about the signal state [1]. PSK scheme include two basic techniques like BPSK and QPSK. In BPSK one binary code is represented by the two phases 0 and 180 where in QPSK two binary codes is represented by the four phases: 0, 90, 180 and 270. In multi level PSK, the higher the order the more requirement of power to achieve the same amount of performance [5]. PSK is using for satellite communication because PSK signal can be transmitted through the non-linear channel of a satellite and it depends on the proper choice of the modem filters [5]. Other types of modulation systems use in satellite communications are Quadrature schemes where the modulated signals are represented in terms of two channels like I and Q. Three schemes of Quadrature modulation are given below. OQPSK, offset QPSK or OKQPSK (offset keying QPSK), also known as the SQPSK (Staggered QPSK), is a modified form of QPSK. In the OQPSK, the value of Q and I channel not changing at the same instant because the value of the Q-channel baseband is delayed by the duration of one symbol. By using this property, OQPSK signals provide the reduction of the non-linear distortion when passing through non-linear element. So in this case, a better performance can be expected in the non-linear satellite channel as compared to the QPSK [7]. In OQPSK systems, maximum phase change is limited to 90. Its one of the reasons why OQPSK is advantageous for satellite channels and is used in satellite links [1]. MSK (minimum shift keying) is another coherent frequency shift keying modulation systems with modulation index 0.5. It also shows the non-linear property through a non-linear satellite channel and the signal has constant envelop.[5] MSK is spectrally more efficient than the QPSK and OQPSK because its spectrum has wider main lobe than QPSK and OQPSK [9]. QAM: It is seen that as there is a very limited bandwidth available for the satellite channels, the research for spectrally efficient modulation technique is essential for this application. Here QAM is used with the modified signal constellations for wideband satellite communication systems. [8] Because of its constant envelop to combat the non linearity of the satellite channel; M-ary phase shift keying is conventionally used in digital satellite communications systems. But when higher spectral efficiency is expected it cost more power than the other schemes. The main objective of modifying the QAM signal constellation is to reduce its sensitivity to the channel non linearity [8]. FSK: As described above, in Frequency Shift Keying systems, frequency is shifting in accordance with the message state change [1]. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BFSK) is the simplest form of the FSK allowed only two frequency states and this system can be extended to M level of frequency shifting then it is known as the M-ary FSK. In M-ary FSK N numbers of bits are combined to form a symbol. [1] M-FSK is a power efficient modulation technique which power efficiency can be increased by increasing the number of frequencies (M) at the cost of additional complexity and smaller bandwidth efficiency. This modulation system is found appropriate for some low rate and low power applications such as Global paging via satellite communications [10]. M-FSK can be used for in land mobile satellite communications where the numbers of user are stationary. It is valid for low data rate application like paging via satellites [10]. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Modulation OFDM is a mature digital multi-carrier modulation technique has been used in physical layer of broadband wireless air interface standard like IEEE 802.11/Wi-Fi and 802.16/WiMax as well as digital video broadcast-Terrestrial DVB-T [11]. Simultaneously, OFDM modulation is attracting more attention for satellite communications and now it is using for DVB-TH. OFDM modulation systems also use in Military satellite communication. Coded Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing Modulation (C-OFDM) A COFDM modulation system is resistance to the frequency selective fading. This type of fading is seen in the wideband mobile communications. This system is useful for the digital audio and video broadcasting over a long distance. In future, C-OFDM systems would be one of the candidates for direct sound broadcast satellite systems [1]. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) Error correction coding and modulation are combined in Trellis coded modulation systems. To transmit information over the power-limited and band-limited channel, the modulation and the channel coding must be optimized jointly [12]. TCM with Octal Phase Modulation or 8-PSK 8-PSK is a constant amplitude modulation system with higher bandwidth efficiency. The first TCM application to satellite transmission occurred with the 8-PSK trellis codes. Using a 72 M Hz transponder bandwidth, transmission at up to 155.52 Mbits/s have been realized [5]. TCM with 8-PSK provides high bit rate which is essential in future for the high bit rate application like images, TV and HDTV services over the satellite transmission [5]. There are various forms of TCM like PTCM (pragmatic) and PPTCM (Punctured PTCM). The PTCM codes are interesting for satellite transmissions. As an example, a new coding systems using the PTCM 2/3-8PSK code concatenated with Reed -Solomon code in the INTELSAT IDR service and is expected to increase the capacity up to 25% base on the standard A earth station and INTELSAT VII space segment conditions [5]. As the demand is increasing for higher bandwidth efficiency, the QAM trellis codes could find the potential applications in HDTV satellite transmissions in the future. But the main limitation of trellis codes applying in the QAM using in the satellite communications is their non-constant amplitude and more distortion occur when pass through the NLA (Non-linear amplifier) [13]. A precise amplitude control must be used in the receiver end [5]. Trellis coded 16-PSK and 16-QAM modulation systems are used for satellite communications. But the fact is that when the modulation level increases, the constant envelop M-ary PSK modulation systems are inferior to the QAM systems. On the other hand, QAM suffers more distortion in the non-linear satellite communications channels [14]. QAM is suitable for geostationary orbit satellite channel with only Gaussian impairments because of being amplitude and phase modulated signal, QAM is more sensitive to the effects of interference and fading than MPSK [15]. Single Channel Per Carrier FM Modulation with syllabic Companding (SCPC FM) The main advantage of using SCPC FM modulation with syllabic Companding in satellite communication is to increase the limited capacity and this capacity increment is fully depends on the syllabic companding. The compadors in the transmission side take a wide volume of speech signals and reduce by the compressor with small amount of deviations. As a consequence of that in the same bandwidth it would be possible to employee more channels for transmission. And at the receiver end , the expender returns the original voice signals and during the speech pauses suppress the noise link[16]. This bandwidth efficiency can also be applied to the domestic satellite systems where the use of a small earth station and a large number of routes operating with few channels are important [16]. In future for the larger satellite (IntelSat IVA or V), the inefficient use of bandwidth of satellite channel by small carriers, especially in the transponder one of the factors which limits the total achievable capacity of bandwidth. In this case, the use of a SCPC companded FM would significantly increase the total capacity of the satellite bandwidth without increasing the total segment cost of the earth stations like other modulation systems [16]. From research it can be shown that the use of SCPC FM with compandors will significantly improve the economic scenario associated with the small earth stations. Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM): WPM is a multicarrier modulation system like OFDM using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). DWT is a transformation technique which is a presentation of the composite signal in time and frequency domain. So in WPM, packets structure is divided into time and frequency domain. So when any interference is realize, in TDMA or FDMA system all packets are degraded but in case of WPM, packets are keep away from the interference with the help of providing the appropriate packet structure [17]. Both WPM and OFDM are multicarrier modulation system but the difference is OFDM uses FFT to combine the transmission where WPM use DWT and Bit Error Rate (BER) of WPM is much better than the OFDM. Similarity between these modulation systems is High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). For improving the performance of OFDM, single carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM) is proposed where decreasing PARP was the main goal. It is seen that the PARP is also high in WPM so SC-OFDM can be used to improve efficiency of the WPM. SC-WPM also can be used by exploiting the principal of SC-OFDM [17]. Some experiment shows that the WPM is the effective modulation systems for satellite communications and with lower PARP, SC-WPM would enable the broadband satellite communications [17]. PARP performance of SC-WPM is superior to WPM and OFDM. The BER performance of the WPM is better than OFDM. Multi-Level Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (MGFSK) MGFSK is a modulation systems use in the satellite communications. It also exploiting the technique of narrow band FM which has constant envelop throughout the signal. MGFSK is suitable for satellite communications where the transponders are in saturations and it is also useful for the transmitter where output amplifier is also saturated [18]. As compared to the 8PSK bandwidth efficiency (3 bit/s/Hz), MGFSK providing bandwidth efficiency is 6 bit/s/Hz [18]. BW efficiency of MGFSK is very similar to the 64 QAM but 64 QAM is not feasible to use in satellite communication because it requires highly linear and well-equalised satellite channels [18]. The key applications of MGFSK are in those satellites which trucking of ISP backbone traffic, satellite news gathering and military satellite applications. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Pulse code modulation system is another technique which is employed in the satellite communications. Here in PCM the main aim is to coding the analogue signal for digital representation and then transmitter by using digital techniques. In PCM, analogue signals are sampled in a periodic manner of time in a rate of Nyquest Sampling rate (twice the highest of baseband frequency) and then quantized in agreed manner. To keep the error in certain level, quantization step should keep as low as possible. [5] Different types of pulse code modulation are seen like DPCM and ADPCM. Other Modulation Systems use in Satellite Communications Delta modulation (AM), Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) etc. Spread Spectrum modulation systems are closely related to the PCM [1]. Conclusion: In this report it has been trying to make an overview of the modulation system used in the satellite communication channels. A different type of modulation systems has been described. The selection of modulation systems is depends on the various factors like type of the channels, constraints imposed by the earth stations (for fixed satellite, direct broadcast services and mobile satellite services), hardware limitations etc [1]. One fundamental characteristic of the satellite communications channels is the trade-off between the bandwidth and the power to obtain the received signal with certain level of quality. In case of the bandwidth limited channels, spectrally efficient modulation systems are used where penalty is paying for additional carrier power. In the power limited links, bandwidth efficient modulation is using which related to the hardware constraints as well. References: [1]. Raicharia, M.,[ 1995] Satellite Communication Systems: Design Principles, 2nd Edition, 1999, ISBN:0-333-74722-4, Macmillan Press Ltd,Baisingstoke, RG21 6XS. [2]. Couch, L W., Digital and Analogue Communication Systems, 5th Edition. 1997, Prantice Hall, Upperside river, NJ-07458, ISBN: 0-13-522583-3. [3] . Fuqin, Xiong., [August, 1994] Modem techniques in satellite communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, p. 84-98. [4]. Fthenakis, E., Manual of the Satellite Communications, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1984. [5]. Handbook of the Satellite Communications (HSC), 3rd Edition, pp: 242-275, http://www.scribd.com/doc/7047432/Handbook-on-Satellite-Communications, Last Visited 25.03.10 [6]. Taggart, D., Kumar, R., Cooper, L. , Wagner, N., Goo, G., Affects of Tone interference on the performance of QPSK and 8-PSK modulation in satellite communications, 2004, Arospace Conference, 2004. Proceedings. 2004. IEEE. [7]. Juing, Fang., [March, 1996] The other digital modulation techniques. ITU-R, Doc. 4HB/14, 25-28 March 1996. [8]. Kim, J., Liu, J,. Kwatra, S.C., Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Schemes with Modified Signal Constellations for a Wideband Satellite Communications, Military Communication Conference, 1995. MILCOM, 95. Conference Record, IEEE. [9]. Pasupathy, S. Mimimun Shift Keying : A Spactrally efficient Modulation, IEEE Communication Magazine, 1994, Vol 17, Issue:4, pp:16-22. [10]. Khalona, R.A., performance of a M-ary fsk modulation in a land mobine satellite communcaitin channel, Universatl personal Commuinication, 1994, pp: 430-434. [11]. Ludong, W; Jezek, B., ofdm modulation tecnnique for military satellite communciations, Military Communications Conference, 2008. MILCOM 2008. IEEE , 2008, pp: 1-7. [12]. Ungerboeck, G., [January, 1982] Channel coding with multilevel/phase signals, IEEE Trans. on IT-28. [13]. [Flash-TV] Flash-TV: Flexible and Advanced Satellite Systems for High Quality Television, with Interconnection with IBCNs, Race-II Project R2064. [14]. Benedetto, S.; Pent, M.; Zhang, Z., trellis coded 16-psk and 16-qam modualtion for satellite communicaiotns, Global Telecommunications Conference, 1988, and Exhibition. Communications for the Information Age. Conference Record, GLOBECOM 88., IEEE , 1988, Vol: 1, pp: 125-130. [15].Evans, B.G., Satellite Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, 2008, ISBN: 0-85296-899, Lightning Source UK Ltd. Milton Keynes. [16]. Evans ,B.G., Kernot ,R.J., Satellite-communication system employing single -channel /carrier frequency modulation with syllabic companding, IEE,1975, Vol: 122, Issue: 7, pp: 703-709. [17]. Sakakibara, H.; Okamoto, E.; Iwanami, Y., A Wavelet Packet Modulation Method for Satellite Communications, TENCON 2005, IEEE region 10, 2005, pp:1-5. [18]. Fitch, M., Boyd, I., Briggs, K., Steitiford, K., Gaussian multi-level FM for high-bandwidth satellite communications, University college of London (UCL), http://keithbriggs.info/documents/MGFSK_paper1_IB2_mrf-feb27.pdf, last visited: 27.03.10.